Humanity’s relationship with space is changing rapidly. For centuries, space was an unreachable frontier for humans, but in just one human lifetime, Earth’s orbit has gone from nearly empty to filled with thousands of satellites. At the same time, while the Moon remains elusive, it could become a major center of competition for the world’s major powers in the coming decades. In particular, the United States, China, and Russia are developing plans to return humans to the Moon. This time, the goal is to ensure a longer-term presence.